ObjectiveTo study the effect of sevoflurane on cognitive function in the diabetes-associated cognitive decline（DACD）aged rats and explore its mechanism in role of Glu and GABA in hippocampus.MethodsSixty three SD rats, aged 20 months and weighting 300~400 g, were fed by the high sugar and high fat for 16 weeks and composite intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to establish model of DACD, followed by the 3% sevoflurane inhalation 1, 2 or 3 h.5 days later the level of cognitive function were measured again by Morris water mazeand and the content of Glu and GABA in hippocampal were determined using HPLC.ResultsFed by high sugar high fat composite injected STZ could successfully established DACD model.The level of cognitive function in Group sevoflurane inhalation were statistically reduced (P<0.05), the content of Glu were reduced and GABA were increased and the ratio of Glu/GABA were reduced (P<0.05, respectively).Conclusion3% sevoflurane inhalated more than 3 hours induced short term cognitive impairment in the DACD aged rats, the mechanisms might associate with the out-of-balance of Glu and GABA in hippocampus.