Objective To investigate the base data of plasma HIV viral load and peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in newly detected HIV-1 infected individuals in Xiamen, and discuss the correlation between viral load(VL)and the number of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. Methods The plasma HIV viral load and peripheral blood T-lymphocytes of 269 newly confirmed HIV-1 infected patients were detected by Roche COBAS TaqMan 48 and Beckman FC500 flow cytometer. The test data were analyzed by using SPSS 20. Results Patients with HIV viral load ≥10³ copies/mL accounted for 93.69%(252/269). The minimum VL was 23 copies/mL, and the maximum VL was 1.76×10⁶ copies/mL, with a logarithmic average of(4.43±0.79)log/mL. Different gender, age, marital status, education level, and transmission route had no statistical significance on the viral load level of newly discovered HIV-1 infected individuals(P>0.05). The plasma viral load logarithm was not significantly correlated with CD3⁺T lymphocytes and CD8⁺ cell count, but negatively correlated with the number of CD4⁺ cells and the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and the corresponding coefficients were -0.276(P<0.01)and -0.355(P<0.01), respectively. Conclusion In Xiamen, the replication of HIV-1 virus is active in most newly detected HIV-1 infected individuals, so the combination of viral load and peripheral blood T-lymphocyte baseline test results should be considered to guide antiretroviral therapy and observe the effect of antiretroviral therapy.